Caffeine as it is used in pre-workout has a number of different functions on your body's performance during a workout. Caffeine boosts your metabolism, increases your physical output, as well as promoting muscle endurance and anaerobic performance. (1)

Our pre-workout contains 300mg of caffeine the most effective quantity is around 3 to 6 milligrams caffeine per kilogram of body weight. Meaning if you weigh 150 lbs your range would be 204mg-408mg or if you weigh 200 lbs your range would be 270mg-540mg. Multiply caffeine content falls within the average range for most people. 

Caffeine does have a few things for you to be aware of as well when taken in a larger than normal quantity like this. Too much caffeine may cause nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, and, occasionally, rapid heartbeat. Caffeine can also cause dehydration, so it is more important than normal for you to stay hydrated during workouts where you’ve consumed caffeine of any kind.

L-Theanine Is an amino acid most commonly used in pre-workout to help curb any caffeine "crash" with its counteractive effects. It is found in many different kinds of tea and helps balance two different compounds in the brain; Glutamate and GABA which are responsible for transmitting nerve impulses. This results in heightened focus, mood memory and attention. (2)

The most effective quantity of L-Theanine is to have a 1:1 ratio with caffeine. Larger quantities result in a more calming effect than what is desirable in a pre-workout. 

Beta-alanine is a naturally occurring amino acid that regulates the amount of the molecule carnosine, that can be stored in the muscles. Carnosine;

• reduces muscle acidity
• increases muscular workload
• reduced exercise induced fatigue
• improved anaerobic exercise capacity
• increase in lean mass.

The research shows that there is a wide range of effective doses of Beta-Alanine. This range can vary, at higher doses there can be some mild side effects with beta-alanine like flushing, tingling and itchiness, which are harmless and will go away after a couple of minutes.

L-Citrulline Malate is an amino acid compound of L-Citrulline that has been bound with malic acid, a substance that is found in most fruits involved with the creation of cellular energy. When consumed, the L-Citrulline turns into L-Arginine in the body which is what creates the nitric oxide that widens blood vessels and improves blood flow. (4) 

The benefits of this compound are seen in many different aspects of physical performance with increased muscle endurance, improved anaerobic performance and a reduction in muscle soreness.

When L-Citrulline is used in combination with L-Arginine Hydrochloride the plasma L-Arginine levels are significantly increased boosting the efficiency of nitric oxide production by almost 2:1. 

Betaine is an amino acid that is found in beets as well as other foods like spinach or quinoa. Betaine has a high concentration of a molecule known as methyl group which is a core component of many of the body's physiological functions, such as DNA production, fat metabolism and cellular energy productions. 

Betaine is also an osmolyte which is a low-molecular weight organic compound that maintains the integrity of cells and helps balance fluids inside and outside of cells. 

The combination of these properties is why Betaine has been seen to improve muscle endurance and increase strength during times of physical stress (5)

Alpha-Glycerophosphocholine or Alpha-GPC contains two compounds; Choline and Glycerophosphate. These two compounds work together to affect the body's physiology. 

Choline is a nutrient that is vital in brain health and function and Glycerophosphocholine helps transport choline to the brain. When taken together these compounds increase a chemical in the brain known as acetylcholine. This chemical is used in nerve communication increasing efficiency as well as brain health and function. Studies have shown even as much as reducing the effects of mild Alzhimer’s dementia.

This compound has been shown to increase growth hormone levels, increasing muscle growth and strength as well as improving cognitive functions. (6)

Very high doses are needed for it to show results in affecting dementia. 

L-Arginine is an amino acid compound that your body creates to help regulate nitric oxide production. Nitric oxide is responsible for oxygenation of the blood, blood flow and widening your blood vessels. This provides the muscles with more oxygenated blood resulting in increased energy. (7) 

L-Arginine and nitric oxide have been found to improve heart health as well as those suffering from hypertension and diabetes indicate that it may also regulate vascular hemostasis. 

When used in combination with L-Citrulline the plasma L-Arginine levels are significantly increased boosting the efficiency of nitric oxide production by almost 2:1. 

Sodium is a common ingredient often consumed daily. It is vital to many of our bodies' functions. Most people only need to consume 500 mg of salt a day. This amount is achieved naturally in most diets. We have Sodium in Multiply because it can help with water retention and hydration.

The human body needs sodium to conduct nerve impulses, contract and relax muscles, and maintain the proper balance of water and minerals. (8) 

Calcium is found in many foods, primarily in dairy products and leafy greens such as bokchoy. It is a part of our bodies daily vital function, it promotes healthy teeth, bones and helps muscles to contract. (9)

It is regulated with hormonal responses and stored in the bones. Daily recommended consumption is 1,000 mg. Calcium is found in Multiply as a small boost to help reach the daily recommended amount. A calcium deficiency may cause muscle weakness or cramping.

Vitamin C is often taken as a daily supplement but can be found naturally in many fruits and vegetables. Science has shown that megadosing on vitamin C can be very effective at building up a strong immune system and white blood cell counts. (10)

It is also vital in your body's ability to create collagen; a fibrous protein in connective tissue that is weaved throughout various systems in the body. Collagen is a key part of many of our bodies key functions. The daily recommended amount is only about 100 mg, the upper limit is 2,000 mg. It is important to intake vitamin C daily as it is not stored in the body. 

Vitamin B3 / Niacin or in our case Nicotinamide is a vitamin that is found in many foods. Its main function in the body is as a coenzyme used to build more than 400 other enzymes that regulate bodily functions. Popular belief is that Vitamin B is a source of energy but what Niacin does is actually help breakdown nutrients from food into more usable energy. So it does not function as a stimulant, but it helps maximize the energy already consumed in calories from a balanced diet. (10)

Vitamin B6 or pyridoxine is a vitamin found in low quantities in many foods we consume everyday. It functions as a coenzyme similarly to Vitamin B3 as it supports over a 100 of our body's enzyme functions. It helps breakdown proteins and carbohydrates into useful nutrients for energy as well as supports the body's immune system. (11) 

Vitamin B12 is found in fish, poultry and red meat. It is vital to body function as it is needed to create new red blood cells and DNA strands. It also plays a role in the body's ability to break down and use protein. (12)

Vitamin B12 is not a stimulant but in the case of a deficiency in B12 (often seen in vegan or plant based diets) one will feel more energized when supplemented as a deficiency in B12 can result in weakness and fatigue.